Similar Roles of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Similar Roles of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Joy Luck Club, a novel by Amy Tan, is structured in an unusual way.   It is divided into four different sections.   Each section has four stories told by four different women.   In the first section all the mothers, in the Joy Luck Club, talk about their childhood.   In the next two sections the daughters talk about their childhood and their experiences through life.   In the last section the four mothers speak about the stories of when they were younger, around their daughters' age.   This novel explores countless topics.   Not only does it deal with gender identity and the relationships between Chinese-American cultures, but it also deals with mother daughter relationships.   Amy Tan shows us how mothers and daughters mirror each other. Every daughter in this novel hears about their mother's life and sees some comparisons to her own life.   "All women are daughters and must resolve the conflicts inherent in the mother/daughter relationship if they are to understand themselves an ultimately to establish their own identity". (Internet 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No matter how old they get, mothers and daughters play similar roles.   Even though an individual may not consciously do things that their mothers have taught/ inherit from them, they still act the same in some respects. An example of this would be   GuYing-ying (Betty) St. Clair and Lena St. Clair.   Both of these characters tell their stories.   These stories, in ways, sound very similar to each other.   Ying-ying's story is called the Moon Lady.   In this story, Ying-ying learns a truth and in some ways becomes a different person.   As Ying-ying sat on the edge of the boat the firecrackers went off.   She fell off the boat and found herself lost   in a large body of water.   She is discovered in the water and is brought to shore where she finds her family.   Later she sees the moon lady and wants to make a wish.   The moon lady is similar to a shooting star.   You only get one wish and it   only appears once in a gre at while.   However, when she sees the moon lady she discovers something.   "I could see the face of the moon lady: shrunken cheeks, a broad oily nose, large glaring teeth, and red stained eyes.   A face so tires that she she wearily pulled off her hair, her long gown fell from her shoulders and as the secret wish fell from my lips, the moon lady looked at me and became a man" (83)  Ã‚   Ying-ying discovers that things aren't always what they appear to be.

1920’s the KKK Essay

The 1920’s marked a period of great racial tension throughout American Society, with the period often regarded as a melting pot due to such strains and tensions. The immigration of new, non-protestant immigrants such as Catholics and Jews since the turn of the century had brought about large scale unease due to the sheer number of immigrants. Combined with Mexicans, Orientals as well as a rapidly growing black population, these minority groups were to suffer at the hands of those concerned with the values of White, Anglo-Saxon Protestants, with these values playing a fundamental role in the American way of life. Arguably, the Ku Klux Klan was formed concerning a culmination of such values, allowing for the tolerance of racist views within the media, literature alongside within formal organisations. Its popularity and influence stemmed from its appeal, which was broadened from blacks to incorporate the views of those who disliked immigrants, catholics, jews, bootleggers etc. Ultimately the KKK’s increase in popularity in the early 1920’s resulted in its influence. It can be argued that the KKK possessed both sizable support and significant influence due to its popular revival subsequent to WW1, with this having a notable popular impact well into the 1920s. The growing spirit of intolerance which spread across much of America became apparent due to the wartime revival of the the Ku Klux Klan. The organisation was remodeled and reorganised with new techniques used by both Edgar Clark and Elizabeth Taylor in order to sell the Klan to America. A key reason for its rise in popularity came as a result of D.W Griffiths film ‘The Birth of A Nation’ of 1915, due to the fact that it idolised and highlighted previous american values, and although those portrayed in the film were outdated, many americans were reminded of a ‘better america.’ This ultimately increased hatred towards blacks and black american due to an alteration in attitudes, with this film resulting in the view that the American way of life was threatened, with this blame placed upon Negroes, Catholics, Atheists, Bootleggers, Jews and immigrants as a whole. Ultimately, Griffiths film provided a form of ammunition towards those who were not white, anglo-saxon protestants, thus allowing for the ideology of the KKK to become more populous and apparent throughout much of American Society. The group emphasised the notion of 100% Americanism, thus appeal to those who classed themselves as protestant fundamentalists as well as those who believed the traditional moral values reflected in Griffiths film were a key element of American society due to the overwhelming feeling of invasion and being inundated, stimulating a desire to restore the America they knew and loved. Furthermore, it can be argued that the roots of the Klan were based in the small towns and communities of the Southern states of the Confederacy, thus proving a popular support base through states such as Tennessee and Alabama. The ideology of the party appealed to those who has gone against the abolition of slavery and the libration of blacks, which arose from a sense apparent within rural protestant america in order to act on the defensive before an influx of new immigrants was allowed into the country. This ideology, combined with the war, fed the growth of support for the Klan. The war engendered a form of nationalism, sparking hatred towards those to were not seen as true Americans. This appeal, and popularity was highlighted by the Klans popularity in 1921, which stimulated the development of a structure for the Klan due to the rapid growth in the number of members joining. The movement had 100,000 members, which were each pare of a Klavern, or branch, of the Klan. Furthermore, due to the fact that the KKK’s appeal was mainly sited in the Southern states, where the majority of black people lived, and the powerful idea of ‘white supremacy’ went unquestioned, attempts were made to broaden the Klan’s appeal to the western and northern states, where Catholics and Jews became the targets. Throughout the 1920†²s the Klan’s membership saw an increase, estimates at the time ranged from 3-5 million and profits rolled in from the sale these memberships, regalia, costumes and rituals. The Ku Klux Klan used intimidation, threats, beating and even murder in their quest for a â€Å"purified America†, thus appealing to many Americans due to their proactive approach, which had not been mirrored by that of the republican government during the period. An example of such influence is the alleged election of governors in Maine, Colorado and Louisiana who had KKK support. Additionally, the Klan arguably aimed to defend the American way, reflecting fear amongst many Americans who feared the emergence of more radical, especially socialist ideas, which had spread from Eastern Europe due to the influx of immigrants during the early 20th Century. The Red Scare is a key proponent of this fear, thus providing the perfect breeding ground for bigotry. Many Americans had either witnessed, or heard of the Bolshevik Russia, which was ultimate seen as a threat to the capitalist society america has formed upon. In 1919 there were 3,600 strikes involving over 400,000 workers, possibly highlighting a feeling of tension and fear amongst a considerable proportion of the population. Ultimately, this scare has proved that the KKK was a defender of such ideology, considerably suggesting that the Klan prospered in areas along sides small communities which had been formed by early pioneers where fears regarding different ethnic groups, religions, political ideas and cultural taste were ever apparent. Due to certain areas regarding these fears, those of farmers, artisans and shopkeepers of small-town america were also addressed, consequently resulting in an increase in popularity leading to the KKK having roughly 5 million members by 1925. Furthermore, membership was not simply restricted to the poor, downtrodden American population who felt marginalised, but also increasingly involved middle classes citizens. Equally it was not exclusively a rural, southern organisation, due to the fact that there were drastic increased in membership from north and central states such as Ohio, Illinois and Indiana. In many locations the local police seemed Klan-dominated, with judges also not remaining to seem impartial. Arguably therefore this suggests that the post-war revival of the Klan led to a drastic increase in the number of members, thus gaining support and influence as an increase in the number of members an organisation has ultimately leads to a greater support base within a population, thus representing a larger number of the population making it more influential as a consequence. Moreover, the influence of the KKK continued to grow throughout the early 1920s as the the Federal Government did little to alleviate poverty and socio-economic disadvantage amongst the rural population, instead focusing interest and funds on urban locations such as New York where a considerable number of immigrants and blacks were focused. Although there were rare instances where President Warren Harding spoke out against racial segregation, for example in Birmingham, Alabama, many have argued that he did so primarily to win the electoral support of northern blacks. One historian even claimed that Harding had been inducted into the Ku Klux Klan in the White House during his presidency. Moreover the various administrations throughout the twenties seemed to condone racial discrimination. A half-hearted attempt to introduce an anti-lynching law in 1921 was defeated, with Southern Senators using a range of tactics to prevent the legislation from being passed. Despite acknowledging the issue of lynching in his first address to Congress in 1923, Coolidge subsequently did not act on the problem. Moreover, on the 18th August 1925 the Ku Klux Klan was able to stage a 40,000 man parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D.C with no intervention from state officials. Furthermore, the segregated facilities in government buildings introduced in the first decade of the century remained unchanged. The fact that the American government during the twenties was seen to be continually ignoring and avoiding issues related to ethnic minorities did not help to improve the hostile attitudes of its people, thus allowing for the KKK to gain a larger support base from which it could increase its influence. However, the influence of the KKK varied geographically to a considerable degree. In its peak year of 1925 around 40% of its members were based in three states; Ohio, Illinois and Indiana. Furthermore, another 25% were found in the old south. Conversely in states along the pacific coast such as New England (except Maine), the KKK was relatively irrelevant. Although its point of greatest popular political influence was at the 1924 Democratic Convention, highlighting its influence at the very top, the representatives of the KKK in the form of Senators and Congressmen simply represented a pocket in the Deep South. Therefore, it can be argued that the KKK did not achieve notable influence on a national level. Instead, it was simply one among many pressure groups supporting prohibition and restriction upon immigration. Furthermore, although those groups discriminated against were classed as ‘ethnic minorities’ as a whole they represented a considerable proportion of the population. Surely, the KKK could not have notable influence if a large proportion of the US population did not agree with its ideology, and were instead being attacked and victimised? The racial discrimination towards ethnic minorities during the twenties highlighted the lack of popularity amongst many regarding the KKK. Blacks, Mexicans, and the recent immigrants clustered as the bottom of the wage scale. All were usually the last hired and the first fired and performed menially jobs. Mexicans were employed as cheap labour on Californian farms. Wherever the minorities worked the ‘native’ Americans saw them as a threat to their livelihood, as they normally accepted jobs that the whites did not want. Despite emancipation from slavery after the Civil War, the former slaves remained at the bottom of the social scale in the southern states, where the majority of blacks lived. Many were lacking economic independence, since they largely worked in white-owned land. Many poverty stricken Blacks migrated from the south to the north during the twenties, to fill the demand for unskilled labour in the North. Although this spread some KKK ideology Northwards the popularity of the KKK remained relatively low due to higher levels of assimilation within the North. Therefore it can be argued that although in many areas of the USA popularity for the KKK rose during the early 1920’s, its popularity was limited to various geographical areas. Furthermore, even though popularity for the organisation increased, this did not necessarily lead to an increase in influence. Yes, in some states KKK members found their way into the legal system, or in states such as Indiana some became Senators and Congressmen. However, the sharp fall from popularity of the organisation suggests a lack of overwhelming support and belief within the party. The fall of David Stephenson, the gGrand Dragon of Indiana Klans and Governor of the state, highlighted a lack of true ideals amongst leaders of the KKK. Surely if an organisation was to succeed and gain influence those at the top of its hierarchy needed to support all beliefs? Stephenson was convicted of rape of a 28 year old secretary on an overnight train, thus going against protestant concepts. Ultimately this showed numerous characteristics far removed from ideals publicly espoused This, combined with financial scandals within other Klans has led to a sharp fall in membership by 1930, to a figure of roughly 200,000. This meant that the Klan were no longer a player on the national state, losing all significant influence and support. However, despite this sharp decline in popularity in 1929/1930, the support and more importantly the tolerance that many American people showed for the Ku Klux Klan during the twenties serves as evidence to show that attitudes towards ethnic minorities had been very much altered, thus allowing for the Klan to capitalise on this widespread ideology in order to gain some support an influence in a handful of states, which were typically confederate.

Economical Challenges Faced by the City Group Company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2306 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? CITY GROUP COMPANY 1: Brief history of the organization. (When established, purpose, any major historical changes, number of employees, public or private sector, etc.) HISTORY: City group Company (CGC) a flagship company of Boodai Corporation, a number one business house in Kuwait since 1950.City group Company (CGC) earlier referred to as Transport and deposit cluster (TWG) has started its enterprise since 1977, is one amongst the foremost successful and quickest growing business house in Kuwait. A dynamic and innovative approach, designed on visionary strategic coming up with has driven the exceptional growth of the cluster since it absolutely was established. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Economical Challenges Faced by the City Group Company" essay for you Create order CGC and its subsidiaries have with success served the requirements of its customers and shareholders and contributed to native, social, industrial and economic process of the earth science. PURPOSE: Primary objective is to maximize the shareholders price by capitalizing on the prevailing chance to supply governments across the MENA region with conveyance solutions that may effectively address the regionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s process want for safe, reliable, pleasant, environmentally friendly transportation alternatives. BOD/EMPLOYEES: There square measure 5 board of director WHO square measure running this organization, Chairman of the organization is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Yacoub Al Sharhan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  , Vice chairman is Nabil A.Al-Jeraisy Three Board members square measure Suhail K.homsi, Mukund G. Korde, and Hany Shawky. Many workers are activity during this organization. The cluster employs 2000 folks and runs around 800 buses. PUBLIC SECTOR: CGC may be a public material possession company listed on the Kuwait exchange. PUBLIC TRANSPORT CO A replacement conception within the conveyance was established in Kuwait in 2002 with the introduction of City-Bus, the primary non-public in hand conveyance in Kuwait, 100 percent Public material possession Company determinedly took up the challenge of operating aboard major competitors to enhance the standard of service provided to the general public. Innovative, snug and convenient, City Bus illustrates CGCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commitment to enhance the standard of life for folks from all walks of life in Kuwait. For the past forty years, the general public transport sector in Kuwait was dominated by one company in hand by the govt. of Kuwait. On 08 March 2002, this noncompetitive trend came to historical finish once a replacement conception publ icly transport came to life specifically City bus. City bus has modified the whole phenomena of conveyance and is devoted to supply a top quality service to the passengers. Inside a span of six months of its introduction, City bus became a house name and has shown constant growth. City bus has modified the method the general public transport is perceived and left a deep impact on the general public. BAG (BOODAI AVIATION GROUP) The story began in 1984. A bunch of dedicated visionaries, with the thought of making a best, full service travel company, launched Boodai Aviation. Within the last 20 years, the exertions and determination have paid off. Today, Boodai Aviation Group is unquestionable one amongst the quickest growing aviation conglomerates in Near East. TWREG (Transport and Warehousing Real Estate Group) In 2009, town cluster reinforced its income generating capability to support planned growth initiatives although the acquisition of TWREG the deposit and assets cluster. Within the short time since its acquisition, the management team has exaggerated the profitableness by ninetieth compared to the previous year, taken steps to implement effective technology solutions across its deposit operations. 2: Purpose of the organization. If focusing on a particular department, office, etc. explain the function/purpose of each. CGC has had a protracted and successful involvement within the development and growth of the general public transport sector in Kuwait. Company is a lot of focusing publicly transportation department. That aims to handle issues of congestion and supply Kuwait with transport infrastructure that reflects its standing as a regional tourer hub? The aim of a lot of that specializes in these departments is given below: a reliable, safe and pleasant service to all or any its passengers, a appreciated operating surroundings to its workers, additionally to Effective, economical and environmentally-friendly conveyance Solutions to its governmental and personal sector shoppers. Richard Woods, CGC chief officer said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“CGC has had a protracted and successful involvement within the development and growth of the general public transport sector in Kuwait. Jointly of the leading conveyance suppliers, CGC is committed to maintaining glorious delivery records. We tend to aim to assist increase transport potency in Kuwait, yet as decreasing traffic and time period aiming to and from destinations around Kuwait. City bus, a division of City group Co. KSC, has reworked the face of public transportation trade in Kuwait and Jordan by providing trendy, reliable, economical and safe nevertheless economical public transportation services to the riding public. So as to fulfill the growing expectations and wishes of the riding public and its Shareholders, City-bus has dead the subsequent initiatives: Introduction of latest fifty buses in Kuwait and 191 buses in Jordan as a part of town busà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in progress fleet modernization program. Implementation of well-tried technology solutions to drive efficiencies and reliableness. Continued Investment in City busà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s management team, across numerous functions. Choice as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Super brandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from among 1300 brands in Kuwait for the third successive year. City bus has conjointly begun associate bold program of increasing its conveyance business outside Kuwait and in alternative components of MENA region and has no inheritable fifty one stake in Comprehensive Multiple Transport Company, Jordan. Opportunities square measure being explored in alternative near countries yet. 3: Identify at least 2 challenges/issues the organization faced (challenges may also be presented from a departmental or interpersonal level) ECONOMICAL ISSUES: The Kuwait Travel Market and specifically company travel remains plagued by the international money crisis so forcing corporate accounts to scale back their travel budgets whereas vacation market in Kuwait was badly affected owing to Ramadan falling in solstice holiday and also the tremendous increase in passengersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ exploitation on line building bookings. All higher than have junction rectifier and for the primary year when over a decade of surpassing net profit budgets that Boodai Aviation cluster failed to come through the set target of 2010. In 2011 the aftershocks of the globe economic condition began to be felt in Kuwait despite its huge oil revenues. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“CGC weather-beaten the impact of the world economic retardation that began in 2008, with when effects that continued well into 2 010,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  says Woods. Towards the tip of that year, though, they tend to began to note a particular improvement in each the deposit and transportation sectors and CGC performed higher than at the other time in the history. CHALLENGES FOR BUS OPERATOR: A bus operator faces variety of challenges, and hold up issues square measure severe, despite the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trendy and well-maintained road system. Speeding, lax social control of traffic laws and high density traffic results in frequent and infrequently fatal accidents on Kuwaits roads. Kuwait has the very best per-capita rate of telephone possession within the world and exploitation them whereas driving continues to stay legal. Not amazingly, this is often found to be the explanation for several accidents. Utilize theories from organizational behavior to explain why the challenge may have existed. RATIONAL SYSTEM THEORY: Rational system perspective theory argues that there square measure 2 vital parts: specification of goals and formulization. Goal specification provides tips for specific tasks to be completed alongside a regulated method for resources to be allotted. Rationalization may be thanks to standardize structure behavior. In step with this theory if specification of goals and formulization isnt done well then such variety of challenges build up. In step with this theory Taylor says that rent trained driver, produce a science for every individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibilities, and confirm work is finished on time/efficiently to resolve these structure problems. BUREAUCRACY THEORY: Once paperwork is enforced, they will give irresponsibleness, responsibility, control, and consistency. The hiring of workers is associate impersonal and equal system. Town goal organization wasnt fulfilling the need of this theory thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s y crisis e xists there. Did the organization utilize any type of assessment tool or activity to assist in resolving the challenge/issue? If so, please describe and was this tool/activity appropriate? Would you suggest any other type of methodology? Organization failed to utilize any assessment tool or activity in partitioning the money crisis problems. They just do struggle to enhance their transit, scale back the time of travel creating enhancements in their conveyance bus. They believe coaching, developing and holding their workers and have recently introduced a graduate educational program for native and international students to return and knowledge life within the bus trade. They struggle to resolve those issues that square measure long-faced by bus operator. They ought to conjointly adopt some activities to avoid from money economic condition. Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ll focus 1st on the necessity to strengthen economic science policies and money systems in organization, yet because the desirability of up the standard of data provided to markets in reducing the likelihood of future crises. To avoid crises, an organization desires each sound economic science policies and a robust national economy. A sound economic science policy framework is one that promotes growth by keeping inflation low, the deficit little, and also the accounting property. The setting during which the corporate operates needs s to essentially shift their strategic approach not solely to resolve long-standing problems however a lot of significantly to effectively address current challenges and maximize new opportunities. Changing demographics, shifting travel patterns and volatile economic conditions are increasing the pressure on company to develop effective campaigns and business methods. The challenges facing the corporate are advanced and various. Addressing these challenges would require a high level of coordination and cooperation to marshal resources a lot of effectively. Does Comprehensive analysis to higher perceive the expectations of travelers? Adopt Human resource methods to draw and retain staff within the company. Adopt economical and integrated transportation systems; Broadening and adopting proper ty best practices. Continuing to upgrade and modernize traveler data services are necessary in providing guests with quality, easy and consistent year-around data. Having the ability to grasp and adapt to those changes are progressively necessary. According to the 2004 Conference Board client web measuring system, common fraction of shoppers are currently mistreatment the net to form travel arrangements and therefore the level of satisfaction rumored among users is incredibly high. The economic expert observed on-line travel as being one amongst the foremost prospering sorts of e-commerce. Internet business solutions are progressively wont to improve traveler data services however their application to cut back prices and increase operational effectiveness and potency will have a considerable impact on business viability. Based upon theory, what would have been an appropriate way to resolve this challenge? There square measure several acceptable thanks to resolve these crises. Like appoint trained driver, produce a science for every individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibilities, and confirm work is finished on time/efficiently to resolve these structure problems. There ought to be standardized organization behavior. There ought to be correct irresponsibleness, responsibility, control, and consistency system. They ought to strengthen economic science policies and money systems in organization to avoid such crisis. Data system ought to be affection. Managers and employees ought to be driven to perform their duties in well manner. There ought to be outlined rules and regulation to run the corporate. Did the organization resolve the challenge/issue? How so or how not? Of course company is making an attempt to resolve all the problems. Delivering safe and gratifying journey was terribly essential challenge for the bus operator. City group Company compete vital role to resolve this issue. They are doing a lot of target development of conveyance sector in Kuwait. Theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re within the position to create improvement in it. The corporate committed to take care of world category service delivery targets. They employed well trained drivers and body workers. They build the aim to extend transport potency in Kuwait, yet as decreasing traffic and time period aiming to and from destinations around Kuwait. Identify any negative or positive long lasting outcomes that have resulted from the challenge/issue. As weve mentioned that company was facing some economical and a few alternative problems associated with bus drivers. These problems resulted positive long lasting outcomes towards the organization success and recognition. When facing these problems the managers understand that they need some downside in their transit. They create SWOT analysis. When analyzing it they feel that chance of success exists here if theyre going to improve their public transit. They will utilize their strengths and core competencies so that they build enhancements in their transit and their administration workers yet as workers and obtain competitive edge. Today, CGC has succeeded in establishing its position as Kuwaità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leading conveyance operator. It operates four hundred regular services across nineteen routes, carried over forty six million passengers in 2011, and has become the primary company within the Near East to achieve ISO 9001:2008 certifications. (REFERENCES) (Baril-Gingras and Lortie 1995) (Barros, Bello et al. 2007) (Brunsson 1982) (Higazy, RodrÃÆ' ­guez et al. 2013) (Ibeas and Cecin 2011) (Murray 2001) (Shaw and Sichel 1961) (Tzeng, Lin et al. 2005) Baril-Gingras, G. and M. Lortie (1995). The handling of objects other than boxes: univariate analysis of handling techniques in a large transport company. Ergonomics 38(5): 905-925. Barros, M., et al. (2007). Integrated pollution prevention and control for heavy ceramic industry in Galicia (NW Spain). Journal of hazardous materials 141(3): 680-692. Brunsson, N. (1982). The irrationality of action and action rationality: decisions, ideologies and organizational actions. Journal of management studies 19(1): 29-44. Higazy, M. M., et al. (2013). National Analysis of policy and legislative frameworks to support BAT implementation in Egypt. Ibeas, A. and P. Cecin (2011). The quality of service desired by public transport users. Transport Policy 18(1): 217-227. Murray, A. T. (2001). Strategic analysis of public transport coverage. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 35(3): 175-188. Shaw, L. and H. S. Sichel (1961). The reduction of accidents in a transport company by the determination of the accident liability of individual drivers. Traffic Safety Research Review. Tzeng, G.-H., et al. (2005). Multi-criteria analysis of alternative-fuel buses for public transportation. Energy Policy 33(11): 1373-1383.

Using the Treynor Black Model in Active Portfolio Management

Treynor-Black Model Using the Treynor-Black Model in Active Portfolio Management Aruna Eluri, David S. Price, Kelly Walker Course Project for IE590 Financial Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023 August 1, 2011 Abstract In 1973, Jack Treynor and Fischer Black published a mathematical model for security selection called the Treynor-Black model. The model finds the optimum portfolio to hold in the situation where an investor considers that most securities are priced effectively, but believes he has information that can be used to predict an abnormal performance of a few of them. The theory behind the model is presented, along with numerical examples to highlight specific realistic investment scenarios and how the†¦show more content†¦By blending a portfolio of these assets with an index fund, the investment manager can produce a portfolio that can outperform the benchmark while also keeping risk at a relatively low level. [1] 2 2.1 Theory Assumptions In using the Treynor-Black model, the following assumptions are made. [11] 1. Analysts have a limited ability to find a select number of undervalued securities while the rest are assumed to be fairly priced (i.e. the security markets are nearly efficient). 2. There is a high degree of co-movement among security prices. 3. The â€Å"independent† returns of different securities are almost, but not quite, statistically independent. 4. The costs of buying and selling are ignored in order to treat the portfolio problem as a single period problem. 5. Individual Portfolio managers can estimate the future performance of certain securities that is not reflected in the current price or projected market return of the asset. Page 2 Treynor-Black Model 6. Individual Portfolio managers can estimate the expected risk and return parameters for a broad market (passively managed) portfolio. 7. The quantitative performance measure for a single asset is alpha, which is determined in a subjective manner. 8. All returns areShow MoreRelatedAlternative Beta Funds Are All High Dividend Oriented1361 Words   |  6 Pages 1) Alternative beta funds are all high-dividend oriented and therefore strive to provide low variance on high returns, achieved through a combination of active management and passive tracking of their corresponding benchmark indices. The differing benchmarks mean that each ETF is invested in different sectors and firms and these strategies lead to varying performance. RDV RDV matches the Russell Australia High-Dividend Index; its investments are primarily in large, well established firms suchRead MoreFins 2624 - Portfolio Management Notes Essay14466 Words   |  58 PagesCheryl Mew FINS2624 – Portfolio Management Semester 1, 2011 LECTURE 1 – BOND PRICING WHAT IS A BOND? A bond is a claim on some fixed future cash flows. 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Compulsory Voting in America Against Our Civil Rights

Allen EGL 101-018/035 Fall 2010 Compulsory Voting in America: Against Our Civil Rights The United States of America is supposed to be a land of freedom where one can exercise the right to have various liberties that are not found in many other countries around the world. Among these liberties is the right to vote in a democratic government. Voting is a privilege in the United States that should not be taken for granted; many countries do not have the luxury of choosing who they want to represent them in government. Or if they do, they have in place a system that is called compulsory voting. Compulsory voting is a system in which voters are obligated to come to their designated polling place on Election Day to place a vote. If†¦show more content†¦In Peru, if one does not have a stamped voting card to prove he or she has voted, that person is not able to receive specific services or products from many public offices. In Belgium, if one does not vote, the chances of getting hired at a job are slim to none. In Greece, prison is an option, as well as troub le obtaining a new driver’s license or passport. In other words, if a person does not have a legitimate reason why he or she did not vote, such as extreme illness or absence from the country, along with concrete evidence to prove the reason, he or she will somehow be â€Å"punished.† Voting is a right and a privilege, not an obligation. There are better ways to encourage higher voter turnout without making voting mandatory. Compulsory voting is not an efficient way to respond to the problem of voter disengagement. The government should look at the reason behind the lack of voting enthusiasm rather than try to mask the problem by making voting mandatory. There are many reasons why people choose not to vote; for example, they could be unsupportive of all of the electoral candidates, they could have no interest whatsoever in politics, or even simply be unable to get to their polling place because of other obligations. In the religion of Jehovah’s Witnesses, p eople of this faith choose not to vote because of their faith. By making voting mandatory, this would take away not only our freedom of choosing to vote, but in a sense our freedom to practiceShow MoreRelatedInfluence of Compulsory Voting1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Idea of Compulsory Voting After Australia, Singapore, and Switzerland implemented compulsory voting and the turnout of voters grew, other democratic countries began wondering if the idea should be implemented globally. Research began on how this implementation affected countries with compulsory voting in place and how it would affect other countries such as Canada (Twomey, 2013). 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The Concept of Economy Free Essays

string(44) " one of the importers of conventional arms\." There have been diverse views from various scholars on the meaning of economy. Of this various definitions includes; Economy is a term derived from the Greek word ‘OIKONOMOS’ which means â€Å"One who manages a home†. Even though the term Economy is derived from the Greek word, history has shown that the Babylonians and their neighbouring towns were the first to develop any form of economics as it regards laws and rules. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Wikipedia (2018) â€Å"The contemporary concept of the economy wasn’t popularly known until the American Great Depression in the 1930’s†. However, prior to this period, the concept of economy had passed through different phases some of which included; Primary, secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary stage of the economy. What then is Economy? Economy as defined in Investing Answers (2018) â€Å"Is the organised system of human activity involved in the production, consumption, exchange and the production of goods and services†. It is an organised system where money is made through the production and distribution of goods and services. The Oxford Living Dictionaries (2018) also defined economy as ‘the state of a country or region in terms of production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money’. There are diverse ways of measuring the economic activities of any nation. Some of these ways include;   Gross Domestic Products Exchange rate Stock Market Interest Rate Unemployment CHINA AND ITS ECONOMY Popularly known as the People’s Republic of China. China was established on January 1, 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution that Qung dynasty era. The country is situated in East Asia and is referred to as the most populated country in the world with an estimated number of 1.404 billion people. In terms of land mass after Russia, China is the second largest country in the world. In the world in general, there is a popular conception that the Chinese people can be used for cheap labour. However, despite this notion, the country is the largest emerging economy in the world and is mostly engaged in manufacturing, industrial production, servicing and agriculture. As at 2017, China became the world’s largest economy through its purchasing by making $23.12 trillion in comparison to European Union and the United States of America at Second and Third position respectively. Despite being the largest economy in the world, China remains a very poor country with regards to standard of living. This low standard of living attracts people and businesses to the country. Most of China’s economic growth is dependent on the exportation of machinery and equipment. Apart from machinery and equipment, other components of China’s economy includes; real estate, infrastructure, ports, railways, pipelines, aluminium, copper, cement, steel, exchange, reserves etc. In recent time, China has witnessed a slowdown of its economy which resulted to a slower growth in its GDP. Most of the changes that affects economic growth centres on change that has labour, productivity and capital. In the case of China, the decline in its economic growth is attributed to the huge technological gap between China and other rich countries. Another that contributes to decline the economy is an increase in Country’s debt. CHINA AND THE WORLD’S ECONOMY There is the doubt that in comparison to the world’s economy, China’s economy is a strong force to reckon with whether or not it is the largest or second largest as measured by GDP. In 2007, from being the sixth economy as at 2002, China was declared the world’s largest economy with a total of $23.12 trillion as against the European Union and U.S respectively. This does not dispute the fact that when considering the per capital income of the average man in China, the country’s populace comprises off relatively poor people or that the gradual slowdown in the economy brings with it a lure of fear in the minds of their nations. According to Gutte Wallin Pederson (2002) ‘China’s growth has primarily been driven by market oriented reforms and the opening of the Chinese economy to the rest of the world. Other components of China’s economy include manufacturing and production of machineries at low costs, foreign direct investments, exportation, agriculture and importation of things consumed in the country. China has contributed immensely to the GDP growth of the world. It is quite central to the world’s economic growth. Between 1980 to 2011, China recorded an annual growth of about 10%. A significant thing occurred when China decided to join the World Trade Organization in 2001. This is because along with the accession came China’s pledge to provide fair treatment to WTO members ensuring that their enterprises where given the same treatment as that of the Chinese and vice versa. Most of China’s economic growth in the world centres on physical capital and human capital. Labour force in China gross rapidly. Countries all over the world regards China’s labour force as cheap as such would rather have them in their employ yet a large populous of the workforce has not been tapped. Apart from having a cheap workforce, cost of living in China is also cheap. This explains why countries now go to China to establish companies in other to access raw materials and lower their cost of manufacturing and production. For a country like the USA, China still remains the highest manufacturer of toys. China also exports manufactured products such as phones, electronics, clothing, furniture etc. Most countries depend on China for products they consume. Example African Countries. Despite being the highest exporter of consumer goods all over the world, China is the second largest importer in the world. The country because of its limited natural resources contributes largely to other countries GDP in terms of imports. Most commodities that China imports include; crude oil, petroleum gas, iron ore, lead, copper, palm oil, asphalt etc. For instance, the country’s importation of integrated circuits accounted for about 44% of Malaysian exports for 2016. China is one of the major players in the arms market. Prior to now, China was one of the importers of conventional arms. You read "The Concept of Economy" in category "Papers" However, in recent times, the reverse has become the case with the country being the 5th largest exporter of these arms as ranked in the world. According to China power (2008) â€Å"Between 2008 and 2012, China exported $14.4 billion worth of conventional weapons across the globe†. During this period, most percentage of arm supply made by China went to Asia and another fraction of Africa. China’s neighbours and some parts of America have not been left out of the arm supply trend. For instance, between the aforementioned years, the country provided arms worth $1.86 billion to Bangladesh which is about 71.9% of Bangladesh arms acquisition during this period (China Power 2018). As pointed out by Alec Ash (20177) the basic areas which China intends to drive the world economics’ growth and reforms are; a. Innovation-driven economy, tapping the potential of businesses both big and small. b. One belt, one road initiative, connecting trade markets across Eurasian land and sea. c. A rising middle class, growing in number spending power to drive consumption. d. Financial market liberation, speeding improvements in the Chinese market. e. State-Owned enterprises, opening biggest industries. f. Oversea investment, leveraging Chinese capital to revitalize the global economy. g. China intends to be more involved in the world’s economy irrespective of being a major player already as the country is gradually becoming a consumption driven economy. Despite being a key player in the world economy, the world itself has witnessed a slowdown in the Chinese economy in recent times. This is because its service sector is suffering from the effects of its workforce population ageing and increase in wages to meet global standards. The use of technology has also declared some job roles obsolete. Justin Kuepper (2017) opines that â€Å"many economists believe the country would have to migrate from manufacturing to services as a primary driver of GDP, just as other developed countries like the United States and those in Europe have done in the past†. There is no doubt that their slowdown will affect economies globally. It may have a deflationary effect on most economies. For instance, countries that exports goods to China will experience a decline in demand for the goods by China. What this implies is that the decline in demand for goods/services will lead to a drop in their price thus reducing the export GDP of these products. Example the demand for crude oil has reduced thus leading to a decline in price of crude oil. These days, China goes to the extent of rendering services in exchange for free crude oil. China’s demand for these products will be slow. Other factors contributing to these slowdown include a rise in debt and gradual close of technological gap between China and other countries thus reducing the demand for Chinese products and reducing its productivity growth. Irrespective of what the effects of this slowdown may imply there is a need for countries to brace themselves for the challenges that lie ahead of them globally. Some of the way they can handle ways situation include, reduction of commodity exposure, diversification of investment hedge with puts on Chinese EIF’s (Justin Kuepper 2017). IMPACT OF CHINA ECONOMY ON NIGERIAN ECONOMY Relating the impact of China economy to Nigeria, it will not be misleading to say that her impact on the Nigerian economy is quite enormous. It will not be undermining to say that Nigeria is one country that’s hugely dependent on China. Most products used in Nigeria are tagged with â€Å"Made in China† labels that ranges from toys, to plastics, household items, machineries, electronics, clothing etc. Nigeria is also dependent on China for some raw materials.Nigerians also negotiate with the Chinese for customized products only for the Nigerian market. In recent times, the Nigerian economy has experienced an advancement in industrialization. This advancement has encourage the production of locally made products and reduced the country’s dependence on goods from other countries in terms of economic boost, the country’s bilateral ties with other countries of which China is inclusive has also brought about an increase in foreign investment. Nigeria continually comes up with policies that do not only aim at strengthening its bilateral ties but are also targeted at ensuring it is exposed to a wide range of options as regards to the quantity and quality of goods consumed by its citizens in process bring about a reduction in the poverty level. Some of this policies includes; Structural Adjustment package, Trade liberation Policy. The question to be asked is â€Å"Do these policies really help in giving the country trade advantage in the long run?† The major factor contradictory to Nigeria/China bilateral ties is labour force. The Nigerian policies as enticing as they may seem may only suffice for the country’s immediate needs. There is little or no transfer of technological knowledge due to language and cultural constraints, Nigerian institutions are not accountable, transparent or credible in their dealings. Despite the above limiting factor on the part of Nigeria, China have been having currency swap dealings with different countries of which Nigeria is partisan. As stated by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Governor, Mr Godwin Emefiele, the currency swap agreement is targeted at helping both countries achieve the following; a. Provision of adequate liquidity of local currency for industrialists in both countries, b. Aid manufacturers businesses in China/Nigeria to access funds to import raw materials from both countries, c. Nigerian businesses who impart from China will be protected from the frequent fluctuations and effects of third party currency. d. It will help people in West Africa have access to China’s local currency as Nigeria will be the trade hub in the region for this purpose. Since the availability of natural resources is limited in China, the aforementioned economic giants depends on Nigeria for Agricultural produce and crude oil. The importation of these goods from Nigeria helps increase its exportation quota in terms of GDP although in recent times, China would rather offer free services to Nigeria in exchange for free crude oil. How to cite The Concept of Economy, Papers

Foalktales1 Essay Example For Students

Foalktales1 Essay A folktale is a general term for any of numerous varieties of traditionalnarrative. The telling of stories appears to be a cultural and universal tradition,common to primitive and complex societies alike. Folktales are demonstrablysimilar from culture to culture, and comparative studies of themes and narrativetechniques have been successful in showing these relationships. Fairy tales areentirely fictional and often begin with such formulas as Once upon a time . Which is not the case in most folktales which useally express something commonto that culture. Folktales are stories that give people a means for sharing theirculture, history and values. Andso was the case in Mother to Son by Langston Hughes. Hughes discussed problems common to people of color from his culture . One of the most powerfultools used by hughes is imagery . Hughes uses strong imagery to get a clearpicture across to the reader. As does he uses Irony and metaphors such assLifefor me aint been no crystal stair Its had tacks in it, And splinters, And boards tornup. HUghes work can be described as a folktale. He writes exactly to fit thedefinition of the word folktale. And the same formula is used my many writersBibliography: